Spring MVC入门案例

wen java案例 2026-08-10 2

本文目录导读：

Spring MVC入门案例

项目结构
配置依赖 (pom.xml)
Web应用初始化器 (替代web.xml)
Spring MVC配置类 (替代XML配置)
控制器
JSP视图
CSS样式
运行方法
访问测试
核心概念说明

我来为你创建一个完整的Spring MVC入门案例,这个案例将展示从配置到运行的全过程。

项目结构

springmvc-demo
├── pom.xml
└── src
    └── main
        ├── java
        │   └── com
        │       └── example
        │           ├── config
        │           │   └── WebConfig.java
        │           ├── controller
        │           │   └── HelloController.java
        │           └── init
        │               └── WebAppInitializer.java
        └── webapp
            ├── WEB-INF
            │   └── views
            │       ├── hello.jsp
            │       └── index.jsp
            └── static
                └── css
                    └── style.css

配置依赖 (pom.xml)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
         http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>springmvc-demo</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>war</packaging>
    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <spring.version>5.3.9</spring.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring MVC -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- Servlet API -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
            <version>4.0.1</version>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- JSP API -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp-api</artifactId>
            <version>2.3.3</version>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- JSTL -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
            <version>1.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- Jackson for JSON -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
            <version>2.12.5</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <build>
        <finalName>springmvc-demo</finalName>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.maven</groupId>
                <artifactId>tomcat7-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.2</version>
                <configuration>
                    <port>8080</port>
                    <path>/</path>
                    <uriEncoding>UTF-8</uriEncoding>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

Web应用初始化器 (替代web.xml)

package com.example.init;
import com.example.config.WebConfig;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;
public class WebAppInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {
    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
        // 如果有根配置类（如数据源配置），在这里返回
        return null;
    }
    @Override
    protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
        // Spring MVC配置类
        return new Class[]{WebConfig.class};
    }
    @Override
    protected String[] getServletMappings() {
        // DispatcherServlet映射
        return new String[]{"/"};
    }
}

Spring MVC配置类 (替代XML配置)

package com.example.config;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ResourceHandlerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver;
@Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
@ComponentScan("com.example.controller")
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
    // 配置视图解析器
    @Bean
    public ViewResolver viewResolver() {
        InternalResourceViewResolver resolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver();
        resolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/views/");
        resolver.setSuffix(".jsp");
        resolver.setExposeContextBeansAsAttributes(true);
        return resolver;
    }
    // 配置静态资源处理
    @Override
    public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
        registry.addResourceHandler("/static/**")
                .addResourceLocations("/static/");
    }
}

控制器

package com.example.controller;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
@Controller
public class HelloController {
    // 处理GET请求，返回视图
    @GetMapping("/")
    public String home() {
        return "index";
    }
    // 处理GET请求，带参数
    @GetMapping("/hello")
    public String hello(@RequestParam(value = "name", defaultValue = "World") String name,
                        Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Hello, " + name + "!");
        return "hello";
    }
    // 处理POST请求
    @PostMapping("/greet")
    public String greet(@RequestParam String name,
                        @RequestParam String message,
                        Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Hello " + name + ", " + message);
        return "hello";
    }
    // 路径变量
    @GetMapping("/user/{id}")
    public String getUser(@PathVariable Long id, Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "User ID: " + id);
        return "hello";
    }
    // 返回JSON数据
    @GetMapping("/api/user/{id}")
    @ResponseBody
    public Map<String, Object> getUserJson(@PathVariable Long id) {
        Map<String, Object> user = new HashMap<>();
        user.put("id", id);
        user.put("name", "User" + id);
        user.put("email", "user" + id + "@example.com");
        return user;
    }
    // 使用ModelAndView
    @GetMapping("/model-and-view")
    public ModelAndView getModelAndView() {
        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("hello");
        mav.addObject("message", "This is from ModelAndView!");
        return mav;
    }
}

JSP视图

index.jsp (首页)

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">Spring MVC 入门示例</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>Spring MVC 入门示例</h1>
        <div class="form-section">
            <h2>GET 请求示例</h2>
            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/hello?name=张三" class="btn">点击发送GET请求</a>
        </div>
        <div class="form-section">
            <h2>POST 请求示例</h2>
            <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/greet" method="post">
                <input type="text" name="name" placeholder="请输入姓名" required>
                <input type="text" name="message" placeholder="请输入消息" required>
                <button type="submit" class="btn">发送POST请求</button>
            </form>
        </div>
        <div class="form-section">
            <h2>路径变量示例</h2>
            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/user/123" class="btn">查看用户123</a>
        </div>
        <div class="form-section">
            <h2>JSON响应示例</h2>
            <button onclick="getUserJson()" class="btn">获取用户JSON</button>
            <pre id="json-result"></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="form-section">
            <h2>ModelAndView示例</h2>
            <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/model-and-view" class="btn">查看ModelAndView</a>
        </div>
    </div>
    <script>
        function getUserJson() {
            fetch('${pageContext.request.contextPath}/api/user/1')
                .then(response => response.json())
                .then(data => {
                    document.getElementById('json-result').textContent = 
                        JSON.stringify(data, null, 2);
                })
                .catch(error => console.error('Error:', error));
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

hello.jsp (结果页)

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">响应结果</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/static/css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>Spring MVC 响应结果</h1>
        <div class="result-box">
            <p class="message">${message}</p>
        </div>
        <a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/" class="btn">返回首页</a>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

CSS样式

/* static/css/style.css */
body {
    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
    background-color: #f5f5f5;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 20px;
}
.container {
    max-width: 600px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    background: white;
    padding: 30px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}
h1 {
    color: #333;
    text-align: center;
    border-bottom: 3px solid #4CAF50;
    padding-bottom: 15px;
}
h2 {
    color: #666;
    margin-top: 20px;
}
.form-section {
    background: #f9f9f9;
    padding: 15px;
    margin: 15px 0;
    border-radius: 5px;
    border-left: 4px solid #4CAF50;
}
.form-section form {
    display: flex;
    gap: 10px;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    margin: 10px 0;
}
input[type="text"] {
    padding: 10px;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 4px;
    flex: 1;
    min-width: 150px;
}
.btn {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 10px 20px;
    background-color: #4CAF50;
    color: white;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 4px;
    cursor: pointer;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 14px;
    transition: background-color 0.3s;
    margin: 5px 0;
}
.btn:hover {
    background-color: #45a049;
}
button.btn {
    background-color: #007bff;
}
button.btn:hover {
    background-color: #0056b3;
}
.result-box {
    background: #e8f5e9;
    padding: 20px;
    border-radius: 5px;
    text-align: center;
    margin: 20px 0;
}
.message {
    font-size: 18px;
    color: #333;
}
#json-result {
    background: #f0f0f0;
    padding: 10px;
    border-radius: 4px;
    overflow-x: auto;
    min-height: 100px;
    font-size: 14px;
}

运行方法

使用Maven插件运行：

cd springmvc-demo
mvn clean package
mvn tomcat7:run

或者部署到Tomcat：

构建项目：mvn clean package
将生成的 springmvc-demo.war 文件复制到Tomcat的 webapps 目录
启动Tomcat服务器

访问测试

访问地址：http://localhost:8080/springmvc-demo/

测试功能：

GET请求：点击"点击发送GET请求"按钮
POST请求：填写姓名和消息后点击"发送POST请求"
路径变量：点击"查看用户123"
JSON响应：点击"获取用户JSON"按钮
ModelAndView：点击"查看ModelAndView"

核心概念说明

注解/概念	说明
`@Controller`	标识这是一个Spring MVC控制器
`@RequestMapping`	映射HTTP请求到处理方法
`@GetMapping`	只处理GET请求
`@PostMapping`	只处理POST请求
`@RequestParam`	获取请求参数
`@PathVariable`	获取URL路径变量
`@ResponseBody`	直接返回数据（JSON）
`Model`	向视图传递数据
`ModelAndView`	同时返回模型和视图

这个入门案例涵盖了Spring MVC的核心功能，包括请求处理、参数绑定、视图解析、JSON响应等，通过修改代码,你可以逐步扩展更多的功能。